According to Olivelle, "the current scholarly consensus places the Panchatantra around 300 CE, although we should remind ourselves that this is only an educated guess". It quotes identical verses from Arthasastra, which is broadly accepted to have been completed by the early centuries of the common era. The text was translated into Pahlavi in 550 CE, which forms the latest limit of the text's existence. The suffix akhyayika and akhyanaka mean "little story" or "little story book" in Sanskrit. Though the text is now known as Panchatantra, the title found in old manuscript versions varies regionally, and includes names such as Tantrakhyayika, Panchakhyanaka, Panchakhyana and Tantropakhyana. The text's original language was likely Sanskrit. Some of the proposed locations include Kashmir, Southwestern or South India. Various locations where the text was composed have been proposed but this has been controversial. Olivelle and other scholars state that regardless of who the author was, it is likely "the author was a Hindu, and not a Buddhist, nor Jain", but it is unlikely that the author was a devotee of Hindu god Vishnu because the text neither expresses any sentiments against other Hindu deities such as Shiva, Indra and others, nor does it avoid invoking them with reverence. Based on the content and mention of the same name in other texts dated to ancient and medieval era centuries, most scholars agree that Vishnusharma is a fictitious name. Some South Indian recensions of the text, as well as Southeast Asian versions of Panchatantra attribute the text to Vasubhaga, states Olivelle. It is unclear, states Patrick Olivelle, a professor of Sanskrit and Indian religions, if Vishnusharma was a real person or himself a literary invention. He is stated to be teaching the principles of good government to three princes of Amarasakti. The prelude section of the Panchatantra identifies an octogenarian Brahmin named Vishnusharma ( IAST: Viṣṇuśarman) as its author.
5.4 The Arabic classic by Ibn al-Muqaffa. 5.2 How Borzuy brought the work from India. In Laos, a version is called Nandaka-prakarana, while in Thailand it has been referred to as Nang Tantrai. Several versions of the text are also found in Indonesia, where it is titled as Tantri Kamandaka, Tantravakya or Candapingala and consists of 360 fables. In Germany, its translation in 1480 by Anton von Pforr has been widely read. Most European versions of the text are derivative works of the 12th-century Hebrew version of Panchatantra by Rabbi Joel. The book is also known as The Fables of Bidpai (or Pilpai in various European languages, Vidyapati in Sanskrit) or The Morall Philosophie of Doni (English, 1570). Rendered in prose by Abu'l-Ma'ali Nasrallah Monshi in 1143 CE, this was the basis of Kashefi's 15th-century Anvār-i Suhaylī (The Lights of Canopus), which in turn was translated into Humayun-namah in Turkish. A New Persian version by Rudaki, from the 3rd century Hijri, became known as Kalīleh o Demneh. This became the basis for a Syriac translation as Kalilag and Damnag and a translation into Arabic in 750 CE by Persian scholar Abdullah Ibn al-Muqaffa as Kalīlah wa Dimnah. The earliest known translation into a non-Indian language is in Middle Persian (Pahlavi, 550 CE) by Burzoe. And most of the stories contained in it have "gone down" into the folklore of the story-loving Hindus, whence they reappear in the collections of oral tales gathered by modern students of folk-stories. it has been worked over and over again, expanded, abstracted, turned into verse, retold in prose, translated into medieval and modern vernaculars, and retranslated into Sanskrit. Its range has extended from Java to Iceland. before 1600 it existed in Greek, Latin, Spanish, Italian, German, English, Old Slavonic, Czech, and perhaps other Slavonic languages. One version reached Europe in the 11th century. There is a version of Panchatantra in nearly every major language of India, and in addition there are 200 versions of the text in more than 50 languages around the world. It is "certainly the most frequently translated literary product of India", and these stories are among the most widely known in the world. It is likely a Hindu text, and based on older oral traditions with "animal fables that are as old as we are able to imagine". The text's author is unknown, but it has been attributed to Vishnu Sharma in some recensions and Vasubhaga in others, both of which may be fictitious pen names. The surviving work is dated to about 200 BCE, but the fables are likely much more ancient. The Panchatantra ( IAST: Pañcatantra, ISO: Pañcatantra, Sanskrit: पञ्चतन्त्र, "Five Treatises") is an ancient Indian collection of interrelated animal fables in Sanskrit verse and prose, arranged within a frame story. A Panchatantra relief at the Mendut temple, Central Java, Indonesia
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